Išvados

1.„Viešojo valdymo“ sąvoka pasižymi reikšmių ir interpretacijų įvairove. Tačiau bendriausia ir plačiausia prasme viešasis valdymas siejamas su saviorganizaciniu procesualiniu valdymo veiklų aspektu, pabrėžiant, kad viešojo valdymo procese dėmesys pirmiausia skiriamas pačiam procesui, apimančiam ir pilietinę visuomenę, o ne tik institucijoms, struktūroms ar viešojo administravimo veikėjams.

2. Gero valdymo interpretacijas išplėtojo įvairios tarptautinės organizacijos. Pasaulio banko išskirti gero valdymo sampratos aspektai (atskaitomybė, teisės viršenybė, informacijos apie valdžios veiksmus prieinamumas ir skaidrumas) tapo daugelio kitų tarptautinių organizacijų gero valdymo sąvokų pagrindu. Pastaruoju metu gero valdymo sampratose pirmiausia yra akcentuojamas dalyvavimo elementas, gerą valdymą traktuojant kaip dalyvavimu grįstą valdymą.

3. Dalyvavimu grįstas valdymas sąlygoja visuomenės ir valstybės bendradarbiavimą. Nors sudėtinga atsakyti, kas turi inicijuoti į(si)traukimo procesus ir kas turi juose dalyvauti, tačiau pabrėžiamas poreikis įdiegti tokius mechanizmus, skatinančius įsitraukti arba dalyvauti asmenis, kuriems valstybės struktūrose ir procesuose dalyvauti mažiau įprasta.

4. Pritaikyti gero valdymo ir dalyvavimu grįsto valdymo sampratas analizuojant valstybės tarnybos reformas yra sudėtinga, nes viešojo valdymo koncepcijos dažnai nusako tik pačias bendriausias valdymo ypatybes, principus ar valdymo proceso bei struktūros ypatybes. Tačiau taikyti viešojo valdymo koncepcijas įmanoma įvertinus jų suderinamumą su valstybės tarnybos lyginamųjų tyrimų rezultatais, t. y. su tomis valstybės tarnybos reformų ar raidos tendencijomis, kurias parodo lyginamieji valstybės tarnybos tyrimai. Laikytina, kad gero ir dalyvavimu grįsto valdymo sampratas bene geriausiai atitinka ir geriausiai su jomis suderinamas pradėtas plėtoti atviros valstybės tarnybos modelis.

Literatūra

• Asian Development Bank (ADB), “Elements of Governance,” Adb.org [žiūrėta 2011 m. sausio 6 d.].
• Auer, Astrid; Christoph Demmke, Robert Polet, Civil Services in the Europe of Fifteen: Current Situation and Prospect, Maastricht: EIPA, 1994.
• Bang, Henrik P., “Everyday Makers and Expert Citizens: Active Participants in the Search for a New Governance” | John Fenwick, Janice McMillan (eds.), Public Management in the Postmodern Era Challenges and Prospects, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2010, pp. 163–191.
• Bevir, Mark, Democratic Governance, Princeton (NJ): Princeton University Press, 2010.
• Bossaert, Danielle; Christoph Demmke, Civil Services in the Accession States: New Trends and the Impact of the Integration Process, Maastricht: EIPA, 2003.
• Bossaert, Danielle; Christoph Demmke, Koen Nomden, Robert Polet, Civil Services in the Europe of Fifteen: Trends and New Developments, Maastricht: EIPA, 2001.
• Canadian International Development Agency, “Human Rights, Democratization and Good Governance: Policy and Objectives for CIDA Policy Implementation,” Gc.ca, 1996 [žiūrėta 2010 m. gruodžio 20 d.].
• Canadian International Development Agency, Government of Canada Policy for CIDA on Human Rights, Democratization and Good Governance, Hull (Quebec): Canadian International Development Agency, 1996 [žiūrėta 2010 m. gruodžio 12 d.].
• Chhotray, Vasudha; Gerry Stoker, Governance Theory and Practice: A Cross-Disciplinary Approach, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.
• Choi, Sungjoo; Andrew B. Whitford, “A Topography of Civil Service Structures,” International Public Management Journal, 2008, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 106–130.
• Christensen, Jorgen Gronnegaard; Robert Gregory, “Public Personnel Policies and Personnel Administration” | Hans-Ulrich Derlien, B. Guy Peters (eds.), State at Work, vol. 2: Comparative Public Service Systems, Edward Elgar, 2008, pp. 192–225.
• Demmke, Christoph; Thomas Henökl, Timo Moilanen, What Are Public Services Good At? Success of Public Services in the Field of Human Resource Management, Maastricht: European Institute of Public Administration, 2008.
• Dia, Mamadou, A Governance Approach to Civil Service Reform in Sub-Saharan Africa, Washington (DC): World Bank, 1993.
• Dimitrov, Vesselin; Klaus H. Goetz, Hellmut Wollmann, Governing after Communism: Institutions and Policymaking, Lanham (MD): Rowman & Littlefield, 2006.
• Elwood, John W., “Prospects for the Study of the Governance of Public Organizations and Policies” | Carolyn J. Heinrich, Laurence E. Lynn (eds.), Governance and Performance: New Perspectives, Washington (DC): Georgetown University Press, 2000, pp. 319–336.
• Ewalt, Jo Ann G., “Theories of Governance and New Public Management: Links to Understanding Welfare Policy Implementation,” prepared for presentation at the Annual Conference of the American Society for Public Administration, Newark (NJ), March 12, 2001.
• Frederickson, H. George, “Comparing the Reinventing Movement with the New Public Administration,” Public Administration Review, 1996, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 263–270.
• Frederickson, H. George, “Whatever Happened to Public Administration? Governance, Governance Everywhere” | Ewan Ferlie, Laurence E Lynn, Christopher Pollitt (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Public Management, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005, pp. 282–304.
• Frederickson, H. George; Kevin B. Smith, The Public Administration Theory Primer, Boulder (CO): Westview Press, 2003.
• Governance, 1988–2010 [žiūrėta 2010 m. lapkričio 27 d.].
• Graham, John; Timothy W. Plumptre, Bruce Amos, Principles for Good Governance in the 21st Century, policy brief no. 15, Ottawa: Institute on Governance, 2003 [žiūrėta 2010 m. gruodžio 12 d.].
• Gudelis, Dangis, Savivaldybių veiklos matavimo modeliai ir jų įgyvendinimo galimybės Lietuvoje, daktaro disertacija, socialiniai mokslai, vadyba ir administravimas (03 S), Vilnius, 2007.
• Heinelt, Hubert, Governing Modern Societies: Towards Participatory Governance, London, New York: Routledge, 2010.
• Heinrich, Carolyn J.; Carolyn J. Hill, Laurence E. Lynn, “Governance as an Organizing Theme for Empirical Research” | Patricia W. Ingraham, Laurence E. Lynn (eds.), The Art of Governance: Analyzing Management and Administration, Washington (DC): Georgetown University Press, 2004, pp. 3–19.
• Heinrich, Carolyn J.; Laurence E. Lynn (eds.), Governance and Performance: New Perspectives, Washington (DC): Georgetown University Press, 2000.
• International Monetary Fund (IMF), Good Governance: The IMF’s Role, Washington (DC): International Monetary Fund, Publication Services, 1997 [žiūrėta 2010 m. gruodžio 12 d.].
• Kjaer, Poul F., Between Governing and Governance: On the Emergence, Function and Form of Europe’s Post-National Constellation, Portland (OR): Hart Publishing, 2010.
• Kooiman, Jan, Governing as Governance, London: Sage, 2003.
• Laurėnas, Vaidutis, „Lietuvos politinės valdysenos problema“ | Lauras Bielinis (sud.), Naujo politinio veikimo formos Lietuvoje, Vilnius: Vilniaus universiteto leidykla, 2010, p. 9–35.
• Lynn, Laurence E.; Carolyn J. Heinrich, Carolyn J. Hill, “Studying Governance and Public Management: Challenges and Prospects,” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 2000, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 233–262.
• Mitlin, Diana, “Reshaping Local Democracy,” Environment and Urbanisation, 2004, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 3–8.
• Nakrošis, Vitalis, „Viešojo valdymo reforma: Vyriausybei dveji: kas pavyko ir kas ne?“, pranešimas VU TSPMI, 2010 m. gruodžio 6 d. [žiūrėta 2011 m. sausio 6 d.].
• Nakrošis, Vitalis; Jan-Hinrik Meyer-Sahling, „Lietuvos valstybės tarnyba: sėkmės paslaptys ir tolesnio vystymo alternatyvos“, Viešoji politika ir administravimas, 2009, nr. 27, p. 7–15.
• Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Good Governance Practices for the Protection of Human Rights, New York, Geneva: United Nations, 2007 [žiūrėta 2011 m. sausio 6 d.].
• Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Open Government: Fostering Dialogue with Civil Society, Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2003.
• Osborne, Stephen P., “The (New) Public Governance: A Suitable Case for Treatment?” | Stephen P. Osborne (ed.), The New Public Governance? Emerging Perspectives on the Theory and Practice of Public Governance, London, New York: Routledge, 2010, pp. 1–16.
• Painter, Martin; B. Guy Peters, “The Analysis of Administrative Traditions” | Martin Painter, B. Guy Peters (eds.), Tradition and Public Administration, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010, pp. 3–16.
• Peters, B. Guy; Jon Pierre, “Governance without Government? Rethinking Public Administration,” Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 1998, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 223–243.
• Pierre, Jon (ed.), Debating Governance: Authority, Steering and Democracy, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000.
• Pierre, Jon; B. Guy Peters, Governing Complex Societies: Trajectories and Scenarios, Houndmills, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.
• Rhodes, Roderick Arthur William, “Governance and Public Administration” | Jon Pierre (ed.), Debating Governance: Authority, Steering and Democracy, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000, pp. 54–90.
• Rondinelli, Dennis A., “Governments Serving People: The Changing Roles of Public Administration in Democratic Governance” | Dennis A. Rondinelli (ed.), Public Administration and Democratic Governance: Governments Serving Citizens, 7th Global Forum on Reinventing Government Building Trust in Government, Vienna, Austria, 26–29 June 2007, New York: United Nations, 2007, pp. 1–28.
• Rouban, Luc, “Citizens and the New Governance” | Luc Rouban (ed.), Citizens and the New Governance: Beyond New Public Management, Amsterdam, Berlin, Oxford: IOS Press, 1999, pp. 1–6.
• The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, Europa.eu, 2000 [žiūrėta 2010 m. gruodžio 14 d.].
• World Bank, Development in Practice: Governance: The World Bank’s Experience, Washington (DC): World Bank, 1994.

Public Governance Concepts and Their Use in Civil Service Reform Research

Summary. In the context of traditional public administration, there is a concept known as “good administration.” Good administration is understood primarily as a professional and ethical civil servants’ activity. However, “good administration” is more of a subject of public or administrative law, which shows an important but relatively narrow aspect of public governance. The aim of this article is to analyze the latest concepts of public governance and to evaluate their adaptability in analysis of civil service reforms. Such adaptability is relevant because the concepts of public governance reveal the most important attitudes of contemporary public administration, primarily in a normative sense. The aim of the article is met by analyzing the latest scientific literature on public governance, evaluating the place and weight of good governance and participatory governance in the concepts of public governance, and discussing the concepts of good governance developed by international organizations. After highlighting the major features and characteristics of the concepts of public governance, the article analyses their adaptability in analysis of civil service reforms.

Keywords: good administration, governance, good governance, participatory governance, open civil service.